Texas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. State of Texas. Nickname(s): The Lone Star State. Motto(s): Friendship.
State song(s): . Senators. John Cornyn (R)Ted Cruz (R)U. S. House delegation. Republicans,1. 1 Democrats (list)Time zones . Geographically located in the south central part of the country, Texas shares borders with the other US states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the US, and El Paso. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend. The term . Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas. France held a short- lived colony. Mexico controlled the territory until 1. Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1. 84. 5, Texas joined the United States as the 2. The state's annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the US in early 1. Confederate States of America on March 2 of the same year. Dangerous dust: Erionite - an asbestos-like mineral causing a cancer epidemic in Turkey - is found in at least 13 states. NICK SNOW has covered oil and gas in Washington for more than 30 years. He worked in several capacities for The Oil Daily and was founding editor of Petroleum Finance. To see a nationwide list of over 350 coal waste sites in the United States, click here. To see a listing of coal waste sites in a particular state, click on the map. After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle. Due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The state's economic fortunes changed in the early 2. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry in the mid- 2. As of 2. 01. 0 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 5. California at 5. 7. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2. Etymology. The name Texas, based on the Caddo wordtejas meaning . Though 1. 0 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 2. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 4. Chile and Zambia. Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers. The Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le. The Red River forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north. The Sabine River forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east. The Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at 1. El Paso lies on the state's western tip at 3. Vegetation in this region consists of thick piney woods. The Interior Lowlands region consists of gently rolling to hilly forested land and is part of a larger pine- hardwood forest. The Great Plains region in central Texas is located in spans through the state's panhandle and Llano Estacado to the state's hill country near Austin. This region is dominated by prairie and steppe. The most varied of the regions, this area includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands. Texas has 3,7. 00 named streams and 1. Other major rivers include the Pecos, the Brazos, Colorado, and Red River. While Texas has few natural lakes, Texans have built over 1. The vast geographic, economic, and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a recognized region of the United States. Notable extremes range from East Texas which is often considered an extension of the Deep South, to Far West Texas which is generally acknowledged to be part of the interior Southwest. The continental crust forms a stable Mesoproterozoiccraton which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true oceanic crust of the Gulf of Mexico. The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,6. These Precambrianigneous and metamorphic rocks underlie most of the state, and are exposed in three places: Llano uplift, Van Horn, and the Franklin Mountains, near El Paso. Sedimentary rocks overlay most of these ancient rocks. The oldest sediments were deposited on the flanks of a rifted continental margin, or passive margin that developed during Cambrian time. This margin existed until Laurasia and Gondwana collided in the Pennsylvanian subperiod to form Pangea. This is the buried crest of the Appalachian Mountains. This orogenic crest is today buried beneath the Dallas. Pangea began to break up in the Triassic, but seafloor spreading to form the Gulf of Mexico occurred only in the mid and late Jurassic. The shoreline shifted again to the eastern margin of the state and the Gulf of Mexico passive margin began to form. Today 9 to 1. 2 miles (1. Texas continental shelf and a large proportion of remaining US oil reserves are located here. At the start of its formation, the incipient Gulf of Mexico basin was restricted and seawater often evaporated completely to form thick evaporite deposits of Jurassic age. These salt deposits formed salt domediapirs, and are found in East Texas along the Gulf coast. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments in the north; Permian sediments in the west; and Cretaceous sediments in the east, along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf contain oil. Oligocenevolcanic rocks are found in far west Texas in the Big Bend area. A blanket of Miocene sediments known as the Ogallala formation in the western high plains region is an important aquifer. It is the home to 6. United States. Texas is one of the regions that has the highest abundance of Polistes exclamans. During the Johnson Administration the first lady, Lady Bird Johnson, worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers. Climate. K. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages 8. Snow falls south of San Antonio or on the coast in rare circumstances only. Of note is the 2. Christmas Eve snowstorm, when 6 inches (1. Kingsville, where the average high temperature in December is 6. El Paso and Amarillo are exceptions with July and December respectively being the warmest and coldest months respectively, but with August and January only being narrowly different. Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Texas. Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the United States, an average of 1. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle. A hurricane in 1. Indianola, followed by another hurricane in 1. These events allowed Galveston to take over as the chief port city. The 1. 90. 0 Galveston hurricane subsequently devastated that city, killing about 8,0. This makes it the deadliest natural disaster in U. S. As an independent nation, Texas would rank as the world's seventh- largest producer of greenhouse gases. Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this territory, and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. Warlike tribes made life difficult and dangerous for Europeans through their attacks and resistance to the newcomers. In the same manner they kill deer, encircling them with fires, and they do it also to deprive the animals of pasture, compelling them to go for food where the Indians want. They have no other settlement or location than comes from traveling around with the cows. They kill all of these they wish, and tan the hides, with which they clothe themselves and make their tents, and they eat the flesh, sometimes even raw, and they also even drink the blood when thirsty. The tents they make are like field tents, and they set them up over some poles they have made for this purpose, which come together and are tied at the top, and when they go from one place to another they carry them on some dogs they have, of which they have many, and they load them with the tents and poles and other things, for the country is so level, as I said, that they can make use of these, because they carry the poles dragging along on the ground. The sun is what they worship most. Miscalculations by Ren. It was one of New Spain's least populated provinces. By the end of the 1. Christianity. The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the Sabine River in 1. Texas and Louisiana. Several filibusters raised armies to invade the area west of the Sabine River. The first grant, to Moses Austin, was passed to his son Stephen F. Austin after his death. Austin's settlers, the Old Three Hundred, made places along the Brazos River in 1. In 1. 82. 5, Texas had about 3,5. Mexican descent. Combined with United States' attempts to purchase Texas, Mexican authorities decided in 1. United States. Texians met at the Convention of 1. The present- day outlines of the U. S. In early 1. 83. Texians formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety. News of the defeats sparked panic amongst Texas settlers. After electing interim officers, the Convention disbanded. The nationalist faction, led by Mirabeau B. Lamar, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans, and the expansion of the Republic to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co- existence with Native Americans. The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the Texas Archive War. The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the Dawson massacre. Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived. Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1. Including Demographic, Environment, Geology, Hydrology, Imagery, Infrastructure, Reference. A complete list includes: Demographics, Census, Ethnicity, Population, . D; . A; Environment, Agribusiness, Agriculture, Crops, Ecology, Land Cover, Managed Lands, Monitoring, Remediation, Soils, Storage Tanks, Waste, Wind, Geology, Bedrock, Coal Data, Coal Depth, Coal Elevation, Coal Mines, Coal Thickness, Glacial, Industrial Minerals, Petroleum, Physiography, Seismic, Silurian, Surficial, Government, Boundaries, Congress, General Assembly, Local Boundaries, Voting, Hydrology, Aquifers, Canals, Floodplains, Hydrologic, Karst, Monitoring, Water Bodies, Water Quality, Water Wells, Watersheds, Wetlands, Imagery, Best Available, Imagery, NAIP, Topo, Infrastructure, Airports, Bridges, Communications, Critical, Dams, Energy, Facilities, Interstates, Railroads, Recreation, Schools, Streets, Reference, Benchmarks, Elevation, Land, Places, PLSS, Quadrangle, Time Zones, Zip Codes. It was produced from the DEM named . A published paper map titled . Map 9. 4B) showing these data can be obtained from the following URL of the Indiana Geological Survey. A published paper map titled . Map 9. 4A) showing these. URL of the Indiana Geological Survey. Digitized and modified from the following published paper map: Indiana Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map 3. The mapped stratigraphic units include selected systems. Additional attributes were included from derivative products of the . Generalized. lithologic characterizations are also provided, as well as hyperlinks to the Compendium of Paleozoic Rock- Unit Stratigraphy in Indiana. Source data scales range from 1: 1. These data were subsequently updated on. December 1. 0, 2. Further, the attribute table was updated to. Attributes include location and an ID number for each data point. Detailed location and stratigraphic. Microsoft Access database named . The Indiana Geological Survey. These data are important for. It was compiled based on data. National Coal Resource Data System Database (NCRDS. Mastalerz, M., and. Drobniak, A., 2. 01. The Indiana Geological Survey Coal Stratigraphic Database: Indiana Geological Survey Report of Progress 3. Update. These reports included maps showing depth of the Colchester Coal Member Linton Formation, Pennsylvanian). The. depth maps were based on coal- test records, mine- map notations, and interpretations of geophysical logs that are included in the files of the. Indiana Geological Survey. Different depth ranges were used in the various counties and for different purposes. Since 1. 98. 0, staff members of. Indiana Geological Survey have also collected and entered coal resource information into the NCRDS database as a cooperative project with. U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). The purpose of the NCRDS Database is to provide a means of rapid retrieval of point- source coal resource. Based on all available data as of June 2. Colchester Coal Member depth was created. It is the most current depth map of the Colchester Coal Member. Because additional data on coal. Indiana Geological Survey on an annual basis, interested users may wish to contact the IGS for information on these. It was compiled based on data from the National Coal Resource Data System Database (NCRDS. Mastalerz, M., and Drobniak, A., 2. The Indiana Geological Survey Coal Stratigraphic Database: Indiana Geological Survey. Report of Progress 3. Update. In the past a series of reports on coal resources of selected counties in Indiana was published as part of. Special Report series of the Indiana Geological Survey (IGS). These reports included maps showing elevation of the Colchester Coal Member. Linton Formation, Pennsylvanian). The elevation maps were based on coal- test records, mine- map notations, and interpretations of geophysical. Indiana Geological Survey. Different elevation ranges were utilized in the various counties and for. Since 1. 98. 0, staff members of the Indiana Geological Survey have also collected and entered coal resource information into. NCRDS Database as a cooperative project with the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). The purpose of NCRDS Database is to provide a means of. Based on all. available data as of June 2. Colchester Coal Member elevation was created. It is the most current elevation map of the. Colchester Coal Member. Because additional data on coal elevations are obtained by the Indiana Geological Survey on an annual basis, interested. IGS for information on these more up- to- date sources. It was compiled based on data from the National Coal Resource Data System Database (NCRDS. Mastalerz, M., and Drobniak, A., 2. The Indiana Geological Survey Coal Stratigraphic Database: Indiana. Geological Survey Report of Progress 3. Update. In the past a series of reports on coal resources of selected counties in Indiana. Special Report series of the Indiana Geological Survey. These reports included maps showing thickness of. Colchester Coal Member (Linton Formation, Pennsylvanian). The thickness maps were based on coal- test records, mine- map notations. Indiana Geological Survey. Different thickness ranges were. Since 1. 98. 0, staff members of the Indiana Geological Survey (IGS) have also. NCRDS database as a cooperative project with the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). Based on all available data as of June 2. Colchester Coal Member thickness was. It is the most current thickness map of the Colchester Coal Member. Because additional data on coal thicknesses are obtained by. Indiana Geological Survey on an annual basis, interested users may wish to contact the Indiana Geological Survey for information on. It includes mine locations from documented surface and underground. Indiana since the late 1. It contains attributes for each mine location, to be differentiated based on mine. This shapefile contains information that is related to two additional GIS. Indiana Geological Survey: 1) COAL. It was compiled based on data from. National Coal Resource Data System Database (NCRDS. Mastalerz, M., and. Drobniak, A., 2. 01. The Indiana Geological Survey Coal Stratigraphic Database: Indiana Geological Survey Report of Progress 3. In the past a. series of reports on coal resources of selected counties in Indiana was published as part of the Special Report series of the Indiana Geological. Survey (IGS). These reports included maps showing depth of the Danville Coal Member (Dugger Formation, Pennsylvanian). The depth maps were based. Indiana Geological Survey. Since 1. 98. 0, staff members of the Indiana Geological Survey. NCRDS database as a cooperative project with the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). Based on all available data as of October 2. Danville Coal Member depth was created. It. is the most current depth map of the Danville Coal Member. Because additional data on coal depth are obtained by the Indiana Geological Survey on. IGS for information on these more up- to- date sources. It was compiled based on data from the National Coal Resource Data System Database (NCRDS. Mastalerz, M., and Drobniak, A., 2. The Indiana Geological Survey Coal Stratigraphic Database: Indiana Geological Survey. Report of Progress 3. In the past a series of reports on coal resources of selected counties in Indiana was published as part of the Special. Report series of the Indiana Geological Survey (IGS). These reports included maps showing elevation of the Danville Coal Member (Dugger. Formation, Pennsylvanian). The elevation maps were based on coal- test records, mine- map notations, and interpretations of geophysical logs that. Indiana Geological Survey. Different elevation ranges were utilized in the various counties and for different. Since 1. 98. 0, staff members of the Indiana Geological Survey have also collected and entered coal resource information into the NCRDS. Database as a cooperative project with the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). The purpose of NCRDS Database is to provide a means of rapid retrieval. Based on all available data as of. October 2. 01. 0, a new map of Danville Coal Member elevation was created. It is the most current elevation map of the Danville Coal Member. Because. additional data on coal elevations are obtained by the Indiana Geological Survey on an annual basis, interested users may wish to contact the. IGS for information on these more up- to- date sources. Mastalerz, M., and Drobniak, A., 2. The Indiana Geological Survey Coal Stratigraphic Database: Indiana Geological. Survey Report of Progress 3. In the past a series of reports on coal resources of selected counties in Indiana was published as part of. Special Report series of the Indiana Geological Survey. These reports included maps showing thickness of the Danville Coal Member. Dugger Formation, Pennsylvanian). The thickness maps were based on coal- test records, mine- map notations, and interpretations of geophysical. Indiana Geological Survey. Different thickness ranges were used in the various counties and for. Since 1. 98. 0, staff members of the Indiana Geological Survey (IGS) have also collected and entered coal resource information. NCRDS database as a cooperative project with the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). The purpose of NCRDS database is to provide a means. Based on all. available data as of October 2. Danville Coal Member thickness was created. It is the most current thickness map of the Danville. Coal Member. Because additional data on coal thicknesses are obtained by the Indiana Geological Survey on an annual basis, interested users. Indiana Geological Survey for information on these more up- to- date sources. It is attributed to allow the mine polygons to be. These data contain information that is related to two. GIS data sets produced by the Indiana Geological Survey: 1) COAL. It includes mine locations from documented surface and underground mines that operated in. Indiana since the late 1. It contains attributes for each mine location, to be differentiated based on mine number, county name, and mine type. This shapefile contains information that is related to two additional GIS data sets produced by the Indiana Geological.
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